Introduction:
A wrinkle is a ridge or crease of a surface. Most wrinkles appear on the parts of the body where sun exposure is greatest. These especially include the face, neck, the backs of the hands, and the tops of the forearms. Wrinkles come in two categories: fine surface lines and deep furrows.

Causes:
Skin ages all over the body, but much more so where there has been sun exposure. Changes brought on by sun damage include "dryness", sagginess, skin growths like keratoses, and wrinkles. As a person ages the epidermal cells become thinner and less sticky. The thinner cells make the skin look noticeably thinner.
Rapid weight loss can also cause wrinkles by reducing the volume of fat cells that cushion the face. This not only makes a person look gaunt, but can cause the skin to sag. Both UVA and UVB rays cause damage leading to wrinkles, lower immunity against infection, ageing skin disorders, and cancer.
Other environmental factors, including cigarette smoke and pollution, particularly ozone, may hasten ageing by producing oxygen-free radicals. Although people may have a genetic predisposition to severe wrinkling, it is known that sun exposure promotes and exacerbates wrinkling of the skin. Smoking may also negatively affect the skin.

Factors Promoting Wrinkles:
Factors that promote wrinkling include:
Smoking
Light skin type (people with blue eyes and easily burned skin are more prone to sun damage)
Heredity (some families wrinkle more)
Hairstyle (some styles provide cover and protection against sun damage)
Dress (hats, long sleeves, etc.)
Occupational and recreational habits (farming, sailing, golfing, using tanning booths, and so forth)
Some of these factors are beyond our control. The main preventive measures we can take are to minimize sun exposure and not smoke.

Diet:
Eat Healthily. A diet with plenty of whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, and the use of healthy oils (such as olive oil) may protect against oxidative stress in the skin. Consume chick peas and Soya beans regularly.
Drink plenty of milk.
Practice yoga and meditation regularly.
Drink water.

Prevention:
Avoid spending too much time in the direct sun, especially during the hours when the sun's rays are harshest (between 10:00 AM and 4:00 PM). Ultraviolet (UV) rays cause many wrinkles.
Don't go to the tanning salon. The UV light from tanning booths is just as damaging as the sun's - and sometimes worse.
Smoking robs your skin of precious moisture and causes premature (early) wrinkles.
Moisturize dry skin, especially during months when the air is drier.
Don't wash face too often with tap water. (Once a day is enough.) It strips the skin of oil and moisture. In addition, chlorinated water, particularly at high temperatures, poses special risks for wrinkles.
Wash the face with a mild soap that contains moisturizers. Alkaline soaps, especially with deodorant, should be avoided.
Pat the skin dry and immediately apply a water based moisturizer.
Avoid drinking alcohol within three hours of bedtime.
Lie on the back when sleeping. This helps offset the effects of gravity.
Air conditioners and room heaters tend to dry the skin. Hence apply heavier moisturizer if you are working in these conditions.
Do not stretch or pull the delicate skin under eye or facial skin.
Do not go out in hot sun. Carry an umbrella, wear sun glasses and apply sun screen lotions before stepping out in hot sun.

Treatment:
There are several medical (topical medicines and creams) and cosmetic techniques available for reducing wrinkles. They include both medical and surgical methods.
Medical treatments:
Vitamin A Acid -This ingredient, available by prescription, has the longest track record of success in treating aging skin and fine lines.
Alpha-hydroxy acids. These so-called "fruit acids" include glycolic and lactic acid are quite safe.
Antioxidants include preparations that contain the vitamins A, C, and E, as well as beta-carotene. Such creams may provide a certain amount of sun protection as well as mild improvement of fine wrinkles.
Ordinary moisturizers - Creams that don't contain any of the above substances can only make wrinkles look temporarily less prominent
Cosmetic procedures:
Glycolic acid peels -These superficial peels can make a very slight difference in the intensity of fine wrinkles.
Deeper peels do a better job of smoothing fine lines
Microdermabrasion refers to "sanding the skin" with a machine containing silica or aluminum crystals; many estheticians offer this service, usually in "packages" of six or seven sessions.
Dermabrasion is a true surgical procedure, often performed under general anesthesia. The treating physician uses a rotating instrument to sand the skin down.
Laser resurfacing - Using instruments such as the carbon dioxide and erbium lasers, physicians can achieve results similar to those of dermabrasion with greater reliability and precision.
Fractional resurfacing - Newer lasers work through a modification of traditional laser resurfacing. Treatments affect not the whole skin but instead only evenly spaced spots surrounded by undamaged skin.
Non-ablative laser resurfacing- Newer lasers attempt to stimulate collagen synthesis under the skin without peeling or damaging the epidermis.
Heat and radiofrequency- Another variation of noninvasive facial rejuvenation is to heat tissue using radiofrequency devises and infrared light sources.
Plastic surgical procedures - Surgical facelifts, brow lifts, and similar operations can be very helpful for selected patients.
Botox- Injection of botulinum toxin, the muscle poison, can paralyze muscles that produce the "frown lines" on the forehead, fine lines around the eyes, and other wrinkles.
Fillers are injected into the skin to increase volume and flatten wrinkles and folds.

Home remedies:
Apply egg yolk once in a week for 10 minutes.
A mixture of honey, olive oil and cream give very good results.
Apply nourishing mask once in a week.
Apply pure castor oil as it softens the skin.
Prepare a natural sunscreen lotion with cucumber juice, rosewater and glycerin. Apply it on the face and remove after 15 minutes.
Another easy way to reduce your wrinkles is to keep your skin well moisturized. Simply create a special herbal facial mist. You would need a small bottle with pump sprayer for this. Fill the bottle with distilled water. You can add ten drops of your favorite essential oil. Good choices include lavender, neroli and rose.
Neem is a powerful blood purifier and it is used to maintain healthy skin.
For dry skin, mix 2 tablespoons of honey with 2teaspoons of milk. Leave it for 10 minutes and rinse with warm water.
Make a puree of 1 banana, 1 papaya, peach or avaconda.Apply and rinse with warm water after 20 minutes. Then apply a moisturizer.

Herbal remedies:
To make an aromatherapy mask, simply mix one teaspoon of facial-quality clay (use bentonite clays, if possible), one teaspoon of instant oatmeal or oat flour, two teaspoons of pure honey, half a teaspoon of powdered milk, one teaspoon avocado, two drops of frankincense essential oil, and two drops of lavender essential oil. You can also use rose or neroli essential oils to substitute the lavender. Mix the ingredients well and apply the paste evenly to your clean face. Next, leave the aromatherapy mask on for ten minutes, but keep the mask away from your eyes. When you put the mask on, try to lay down with your feet slightly elevated. Cover your eyes and relax. After the ten minutes, rinse the aromatherapy mask with lukewarm water, then follows the initial rinse with a splash of cool water.
Another easy way to reduce your wrinkles is to keep your skin well moisturized. Simply create a special herbal facial mist. You would need a small bottle with pump sprayer for this. Fill the bottle with distilled water. You can add ten drops of your favorite essential oil. Good choices include lavender, neroli and rose.

Also visit http://www.herbsandcures.com

Introduction:
Whooping cough, also known as Peruses is an infection of the respiratory system. It's characterized by severe coughing spells that end in a "whooping" sound when the person breathes in. Although whooping cough can occur at any age, it is most severe in immunized children and in infants under 1 year of age. But more cases have been reported in teens and adults, because their immunity has faded since their original vaccination. Pertussis is a serious bacterial infection of the lining of the breathing passages, particularly in the windpipe area.

Signs and Symptoms:
Symptoms of the infection include prolonged, violent, coughing spasms that often cause thick mucus and severe inhaling difficulties. The first symptoms of whooping cough are similar to those of a common cold such as runny nose, sneezing, mild cough and low-grade fever. After about 1 to 2 weeks, the dry, irritating cough evolves into coughing spells. During a coughing spell, which can last for more than a minute, the child may turn red or purple. At the end of a spell, the child may make a characteristic whooping sound when breathing in or may vomit. Between spells, the child usually feels well. During these spasms, the tongue may protrude, the eyes may bulge, and the face may become discolored. Mucus may be produced, and vomiting may occur.

Transmission:
Pertussis is highly contagious. The bacteria spread from person to person through tiny drops of fluid from an infected person's nose or mouth. These may become airborne when the person sneezes, coughs, or laughs. Other people then can become infected by inhaling the drops or getting the drops on their hands and then touching their mouths or noses. Infected people are most contagious during the earliest stages of the illness up to about 2 weeks after the cough begins. Antibiotics shorten the period of contagiousness to 5 days following the start of antibiotic treatment.

Diagnosis:
The diagnosis depends on the severity of the disease. Various tests are performed which include
Culture tests- A history of symptoms and physical examination leads to a diagnosis, which may be confirmed by detecting the bacteria in cultures or smears of secretions from the nose and upper throat. The doctor takes a nose or throat swab or suction sample. The sample is then sent to a lab and cultured or otherwise tested for whooping cough bacteria.
Blood tests- A blood sample may be drawn and sent to a lab to check for a high white blood cell count. White blood cells help the body fight infections, such as whooping cough. A high white cell count typically indicates the presence of infection or inflammation. This is a general test and not specific for whooping cough, however.
A chest X-ray -The doctor may want to use an X-ray to check for the presence of fluid in your lungs, which can occur when pneumonia complicates whooping cough and other respiratory infections.

Causes:
Whooping cough is an upper respiratory infection caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacterium, which is transmitted through droplets of respiratory secretions that are coughed or sneezed into the air by someone who's already infected. Once the bacteria enter inside the airways, the bacteria multiply and produce toxins that interfere with the respiratory tract's ability to sweep away germs. Thick mucus develops deep inside the airways, causing uncontrollable coughing.
The bacteria also cause inflammation that narrows breathing tubes in the lungs. This narrowing leaves the patient gasping for air, sucking in air with a high-pitched "whoop". Emphysema, cerebral hemorrhage and encephalitis can occur. In infants younger than 6 months of age, whooping cough can even be life-threatening.

Prevention:
The best way to prevent whooping cough is three-in-one combination, known as the DTaP vaccine during infancy. The vaccine consists of a series of five shots, typically administered in the arm and given to children at these ages:
2 months
4 months
6 months
12 to 18 months
4 to 6 years
It takes at least three shots of the pertussis vaccine to fully protect a child against whooping cough, but a total of five shots are recommended by age 6. Because immunity from the pertussis vaccine tends to wane by age 11, and because of the increase in cases of whooping cough in adolescents and teens between 11 and 18 years of age, doctors now recommend a booster shot for those in this age group — the tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis vaccine, or Tdap.

Self-care:
The following steps are essential for dealing with coughing spells apply to anyone being treated for whooping cough at home:
Get plenty of rest. A cool, quiet and dark bedroom may help you relax and rest better.
Drink plenty of fluids. Water, juice and soups are good choices.
Eat smaller meals. To avoid vomiting after coughing, eat smaller, more frequent meals rather than large ones.
Avoid banana, dairy, wheat and meat products.
Use a mist vaporizer to help soothe irritated lungs and to help loosen respiratory secretions.
Clean the air. Keep the home free of irritants that can trigger coughing spells, such as tobacco smoke and fumes from fireplaces.

Treatment:
Treatment is b ased on antibiotic therapy, which may also be prescribed to other members of an infected person's household to prevent the spread of infection. The infected person should be isolated for five days after antibiotic therapy has been started, and exposure to infants should be strictly avoided. Respiratory complications can be severe in infants and may include suffocation (asphyxiation.) Even after treatment to destroy the bacteria, your body continues to repair the damage to the lining of your trachea. As a result, the cough often lingers after the initial illness. With time, coughing usually lessens but can persist for six weeks or longer.

Homeopathic Treatment:
Aconite - should be taken during the first 24 hours that symptoms appear. Drosera is used for dry, spasmodic cough with sharp chest pain and a tickling sensation in the throat.
Hepar sulphuricum can be used for later stages of pertussis with wheezing, little mucus production, and coughing that comes on when any part of the body gets cold.
Ipecacuanha is effective for spasmodic cough and gagging or vomiting; Phosphorus can be used for several different types of cough, most particularly a dry, harsh cough.
Spongia is effective for harsh, barking cough that produces no mucus and is associated with a tickling in the throat.

Herbal treatment:
Coltsfoot has traditionally been used to treat coughs, whooping cough, asthma, excess mucous, bronchitis, and laryngitis. Use as a tea or a tincture.
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris), a very common culinary herb also has medicinal properties qualifying it as a wonderful cough remedy.
Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) and hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) are used for treating coughs, colds, and bronchitis.
Wild cherry bark (Prunus serotina) continues to be a favorite ingredient in cough and cold remedies.
Red clover is an expectorant and anti-spasmodic especially good for children (over the age of 2) with whooping cough. A tea of the dried flower tops is the most convenient; a tincture may also be used.

Home Remedies:
There are a few home remedies given below for the treatment of whooping cough.
Garlic is an effective home remedy for whooping cough. Extract the juice from garlic and give it to the patient in the doses of 1 tsp, twice or thrice a day.
Ginger has proved beneficial in treating whooping cough. In 1 cup of Fenugreek decoction, add 1 tsp of fresh ginger juice and some honey for taste. You can prepare the Fenugreek decoction easily at home. In 250 ml water, boil 1 tsp of Fenugreek seeds till it reduces to half.
Almond oil is of great value in the treatment of whooping cough. Take about 5 drops of almond oil and mix with 10 drops each of fresh white onion juice and ginger juice. This mixture has to be taken three times in a day for a fortnight.
Take 1 tsp of fresh radish juice and mix with an equal quantity of honey. Also add some rock salt in it. This home made syrup should be given to the patient three times in a day.

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Introduction:
Whitlow is a purulent infection at the end of a finger or toe in the area surrounding the nail. A pus filled abscess or boil is seen on the tip of the finger next to the nail. Virus or bacteria primarily causes whitlow that enters the human body via cut. People who work in water are likely to suffer from this disease more. Briefly, whitlow can be stated as “Finger tip soft pad infection”.

Symptoms:
Some of the symptoms of Whitlow include, Fingertip infection, swollen fingertip, Painful fingertip, Fever, Tender elbow lymph nodes, swollen elbow lymph nodes, Tender armpit lymph nodes & swollen armpit lymph nodes.
In a fingertip abscess, most often initial symptoms are pain and burning. This usually is followed by erythema, edema, and the development of 1- to 3-mm grouped vesicles on an erythematous base over the next 7-10 days. These vesicles may ulcerate or rupture and usually contain clear fluid, although the fluid may appear cloudy or bloody. Lymphangitis and epitrochlear and axillary lymphadenopathy are not uncommon. After 10-14 days, symptoms usually improve significantly and lesions crust over and heal. Viral shedding is believed to resolve at this point. Complete resolution occurs over subsequent 5-7 days.

Types:
Whitlow or the nail disease paronychia is of two types. They are acute paronychia and chronic paronychia. Whitlow is often a tender bacterial or fungal infection where the nail and skin meet at the side or the base of a finger or toenail. The infection starts suddenly in acute paronychia and gradually in chronic paronychia.
Prosector’s paronychia is a primary inoculation of tuberculosis of the skin and nails, named after its association with prosectors, who prepare specimens for dissection. Paronychia around the entire nail is sometimes referred to as runaround aronychia.When the infection comes on quickly it is usually caused by bacteria. Most often it is trauma to the cuticle that allows infection in.

Causes:
Herpetic whitlow is an intense painful infection of the hand involving 1 or more fingers that typically affects the terminal phalanx. Herpes simplex virus 1 and herpes simplex virus 2 causes whitlow. Herpetic whitlow is initiated by viral inoculation of the host through exposure to infected body fluids via a break in the skin, most commonly a torn cuticle. The virus then invades the cells of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, and clinical infection ensues within a matter of days.
In children, HSV-1 is the most likely causative agent. Infection involving the finger usually is due to autoinoculation from primary oropharyngeal lesions as a result of finger-sucking or thumb-sucking behavior in patients with herpes labialis or herpetic gingivostomatitis. Similarly, in health care workers, infection with HSV-1 is more common and usually is secondary to unprotected exposure to infected oropharyngeal secretions of patients. This easily can be prevented by use of gloves and by scrupulous observation of universal fluid precautions.

Diagnosis:
The diagnosis varies according to the severity of the disease. Diagnosis of herpetic whitlow usually is clinical, based on presentation of the affected digit with characteristic lesions and a typical history. Definitive diagnostic testing includes the Tzanck test, viral cultures, serum antibody titers, fluorescent antibody testing, or DNA hybridization.

Treatment:
Herpetic whitlow is a self-limited disease. Treatment most often is directed toward symptomatic relief. Acyclovir may be beneficial to shorten the duration of symptoms and viral shedding during the primary infection. Oral acyclovir may prevent recurrence. Antibiotic treatment can be used only in cases complicated by bacterial super infection. Tense vesicles may be unroofed to help ameliorate symptoms, and wedge resection of the fingernail may be used for the same purpose in cases involving the subungual space.
Deep surgical incision is contraindicated, since this may lead to delayed resolution, bacterial super infection or systemic spread, and complications such as herpes encephalitis.

Prevention:
Biting or picking at the cuticle, damage through work and overenthusiastic manicuring are the usual culprits. Individuals who work with their hands in water, such as health care workers and food processors, are quite prone to this type of infection. Excess water weakens the seal and soaps or detergents will remove the protective skin oils, leaving the skin dry and more liable to split. To prevent from this painful disease, Health care workers should use gloves, practice strict hand washing. In general it is important to moisturize the skin well after having the hands in any water and not to go digging around the cuticle when manicuring the nails.

Home Remedies:
The remedies for whitlow which can be done at home are stated below.
*Make a hole in a lemon fruit and thrust the infected finger inside it for 30 minutes in a day for fast relief.
* Apply a poultice out of rice flour and linseed and apply it on affected finger for quick relief.

Homeopathic Remedies:
Hepar sulphur is the great homoeopathic remedy for suppurations where the pus is not decomposed. It suits especially lymphatic, phlegmatic individuals. Excessive sensitiveness of the parts is a leading indication. It is further indicated by these symptoms: chilly sensations, throbbing in the parts or sharp, sticking pains which are worse at night .If given low in threatening suppuration it will favor the formation of pus. The suppurative process will often be aborted by Hepar if given in the higher potencies. Such abscesses as felon or whitlow generally do well under Hepar. If there be a bruised pain present, sometimes Arnica may do well.

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INTRODUCTION:
Whether it’s weight loss or weight gain, whether it’s five pounds or fifty, almost everyone in our society – irrespective of gender or age – has dealt with some form of weight issue. Often excess weight and weight loss issues revolve around slow metabolism and lack of energy. So, detoxification and system cleansing are frequently needed to boost both metabolic rates and energy levels. The term underweight refers to a human who is considered to be under a healthy weight. The definition is usually made with reference to the body mass index (BMI).

SYMPTOMS:
The common symptoms are
•Fatigue
•Poor physical stamina
•Low resistance to infection

CAUSES:
There are hundreds of possible medical causes for excessive weight loss or a person being underweight. Some of the more prevalent include:
•Malnutrition
•Mental or physical disease
•Poverty
•Famine
•Torture
•Anorexia nervosa and bulimia
•Cancer
•Tuberculosis
•Hyperthyroidism
•Diabetes (especially type 1)
•Anxiety and depressive disorders
•Drug abuse
•Diseases of digestive organs
•Feebleness, especially in the untended elderly
•Dental pain
•Obsessive overtraining
•HIV/AIDS
•High metabolism
•Hormone Disorders:
•Decreased fat forming tendency of the body:
•Infections
•Malabsorption syndromes
•Various Neoplasms of the body organs
•Metabolic defect
•Chronic Naturopathic Cachexia
•Chronic Caloric deprivation syndrome
•Deficiency of various neurotransmitters
•Disorders of appetite centers
•Increased Energy Loss
•Obstructive gastrointestinal disease
•Pernicious anemia
•Inflammatory bowel disease

DIAGNOSIS:
These tests include:
Thyroid test, Cortisol, ACTH, Metabolic tests, CBC, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Multiple chemical screen, Mammography, Serum protein electro-phoresis, Parathyroid hormone, human PTH-related peptide,
Angiotensin-converting enzyme, and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D Colonoscopy, Upper endoscopy, Short ACTH, test 72-h stool for fat,
Vitamin B.

HOME REMEDIES:
Musk Melon
Musk melons are taken three times during the day for forty days or more. In the beginning, only three kilograms of melons are taken daily for three days. Then the quantity is increased by one kilogram daily till it is sufficient to appease the hunger. Only the sweet and fresh fruits of the best variety are used in the treatment.

Mango-Milk Cure
Ripe and sweet mangoes should be taken thrice a day-morning, afternoon, and evening. Two medium sized mangoes should be taken first and then followed by a glass of milk. Mango is rich in sugar but deficient in protein. On the other hand, milk is rich in protein but deficient in sugar. The deficiency of one is made up by the other. Mango thus combines very well with milk and an exclusive mango-milk diet taken for at least one month, will lead to improvement in health and vigor and gain in weight.

Milk Cure
An exclusive milk diet for rapid gain of weight has been advocated by some nature cure practitioners. At the beginning of this mode of treatment, the patient should fast for three days on warm water and lime juice so as to cleanse the system. Thereafter, he should have a glass of milk every two hours from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. on the first day, a glass every hour and half the next day, and a glass every hour the third day. Then the quantity of milk should be gradually increased so as to take a glass every half an hour from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., if such a quantity can be tolerated fairly comfortably.

Figs
Three dried figs soaked in water should be taken twice daily.

Raisins
Raisins are a good food for those who wish to gain weight. Thirty grams a day may be taken for this purpose.

Nutrients
Although all vitamins and minerals are required for relaxation, the most important ones are vitamin D and B6, calcium, and magnesium. The richest sources of vitamin D are milk, cod-liver oil, and rays of the sun. Calcium is supplied by milk and yoghurt. Magnesium can be obtained from green leafy vegetables such as spinach, parsley, turnip, radish, and beet tops. These vegetables should, preferably, be taken in salad form or should be lightly cooked.

DIET:
Drink 6-8 glasses of distilled water a day.
Eat frequent but small meals.
Eat lots of raw fruits and vegetables (green leafy vegetables are great).
Do not drink coffee, alcohol, soda pop.
Do not eat processed foods; white sugar, white flower.
Avoid red meat and animal fats.
Reduce intake of dairy products.
Do not smoke and avoid second hand smoke.
Avoid refined food.

TREATMENT:
Treatment of underweight thinness & less body muscles includes
1)Cure of primary cause of underweight:
2)Hormone therapy:
3)Fat & protein formation increasing drugs
4)Anabolic steroid drugs
5)Macronutrient Therapy
6)Micronutrient Therapy
7)Essential Vitamin Therapy
8)Growth Hormone therapy
9) IGF-1 therapy
10) Growth hormone stimulating Tablets
Some of the different medications used in the treatment of Underweight include:
•Oxandrolone
•Oxandrin
Exercises and Yoga
Regular exercises like walking, dancing, yoga, meditation, and massage are also important as they serve as relaxants, reduce stress, and induce good sleep. Yogasanas which are especially helpful are sarvangasana, halasana, and matsyasana.

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Introduction: Typhoid fever is an infection of the intestines which spreads to the blood and other parts of the body. It is caused by the bacteria, Salmonella typhi. When untreated, typhoid fever persists for three weeks to a month. Death occurs in between 10% and 30% of untreated cases.

Symptoms:
Symptoms may be mild or severe. People with typhoid fever typically have a sustained fever as high as 103° to 104° F (39° to 40° C). They may also feel weak, or have gastroenteritis, headache, diarrhea and anorexia (loss of appetite). In some cases, patients have a rash of flat, rose-colored spots.
Typhoid fever has an insidious onset characterized by fever, headache, constipation, malaise, chills, and myalgia with few clinical features that reliably distinguish it from a variety of other infectious diseases. Diarrhea is uncommon, and vomiting is not usually severe. Confusion, delirium, intestinal perforation, and death may occur in severe cases.

Causes:
Salmonella Typhi lives only in humans. Persons with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract. In addition, a small number of persons, called carriers, recover from typhoid fever but continue to carry the bacteria. Both ill persons and carriers shed S. Typhi in their feces (stool).
Once S. Typhi bacteria are eaten or drunk, they multiply and spread into the bloodstream. The body reacts with fever and other signs and symptoms.

Transmission:
Typhoid germs are passed in the stool (feces) and, to some extent, the urine of infected people. The germs are spread by eating or drinking water or foods contaminated by stool (feces) from an infected person. Flying insects feeding on feces may occasionally transfer the bacteria through poor hygiene habits and public sanitation conditions. A person may become an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever, suffering no symptoms, but capable of infecting others.

Diagnosis:
Typhoid fever is diagnosed by isolating the bacteria from a patient's stool or blood. Diagnosis is made by blood, bone marrow or stool cultures and with the Widal test (demonstration of salmonella antibodies against antigens O-somatic and H-flagellar).

Prevention:
People traveling to countries where typhoid is endemic should exercise the following precautions:
Avoid drinking tap water unless it has been boiled.
Only eat foods that have been thoroughly cooked. Fruits and vegetables can be eaten if you have peeled them yourself.
Avoid eating fruits and vegetables that have not been cooked or pealed such as salads.
Avoid undercooked or raw fish or shellfish.
Avoid eating foods or beverages from street vendors or food service establishments where the sanitary conditions appear poor.

Diet:
The people suffering from typhoid are advised to have the following diet.
Juices should be taken, especially orange juice.
Light soups can be taken
Eggs and non-veg foods should be avoided.
High fiber diet should be avoided in starting days.
Vegetable broths and raw garlic must be taken.
Red clover tea and goldenseal tea are both good.
Lot of rest should be taken.

Treatment:
Typhoid fever can be fatal. Antibiotics, such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin, have been commonly used to treat typhoid fever in Vaccines for typhoid fever are available and are advised for persons traveling in regions where the disease is common.Typhim Vi is an intramuscular killed-bacteria vaccination and Vivotif is an oral live bacteria vaccination, both of which protect against typhoid fever.

Homeopathic treatment:
Baptisia is an excellent remedy for typhoid yet it has a drowsy state.
Rhus toxicodendron is another remedy thoroughly suitable for the typhoid state.
Bryonia is one of the great typhoid fever remedies indicated in a majority of cases of the disease.
Arsenicum is one of the remedies for typhoid fever when the case begins to looks "bad"; but it is hardly ever indicated in the beginning of the disease.
Carbo vegetabilis is another low down remedy; suitable when the patient lies pulse less and cold.
Lachesis is a remedy indicated in the later stages of typhoid, where the patient is in a stuporous condition.
Muriatic acid is used to treat ulceration of the mucous membrane.
Gelsemium is a remedy often indicated in the first stage, and especially in comparatively mild cases.
Hyoscyamus is quite likely to be required sooner or later in typhoid fever.
Arnica, Cinchona, Kali phosphoricum, Phosphoric acid is some other frequently used remedies.

Home remedies:
Large raisins - the germs of typhoid can be destroyed by burning raisins or large raisins and other dry fruits.

Cloves: Give clove water to the patient suffering from typhoid. Boil five cloves in 2 liter of water, when the water is reduced to half the quantity, strain it. The patient should take it frequently every day for some time. Plain water should also be boiled and given to the patient when it cools down.

Salt: Heat a tsp. of salt and mix it in a glass of water. Drink this solution once every day for three days. If the patient feels thirsty, do not give him water for an hour. After that give him water only in little sips. Do not give too much water. It will cure the fever. Typhoid gets cured before time through this treatment.

Orange: It has a cooling effect and provides relief from restlessness caused by typhoid. The patient can take milk mixed with orange juice or can eat an orange after taking milk. Oranges can be eaten several times in a day. It is beneficial in typhoid.

Apple: Apple juice is beneficial in typhoid.
Banana: It is an ideal food for the patients of typhoid. It satisfies hunger and thirst.

Honey: During Enteric fever and pneumonia the digestive system is affected and it does not function properly. If hot water with some honey is given to the patient frequently, it has a soothing effect on the intestines and the patient does not become weak. The patient should not be given solid food. Honey gives energy to the patient and also provides treatment.

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